Ssl Certificate Signed Using Weak Hashing Algorithm Port 3389 – Certificates are text files on a web server, their location and content confirm the identity of the responsible owner of web resources. Owner verification is performed by special authorized companies or departments of an organization – Certification Centers (also referred to as CC, Certificate Authority, CA).
In addition, certificates contain a public key needed to establish an encrypted connection to function on a network to prevent data interception by intruders. The protocol that this connection ends with the letter “S”, from the English word “Secure” — see HTTP(S), FTP(S), etc. This means that standard Internet protocols, such as HTTP and FTP, are used over an encrypted TLS connection, while normal messages are exchanged over TCP/IP without encryption. TLS (which stands for Transport Layer Security) is a protocol that ensures secure data transmission based on SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), which is another cryptographic protocol. It uses asymmetric cryptography to authenticate keys so that sessions can be established, symmetric encryption to preserve further confidentiality of the session and the cryptographic signature of messages to ensure the delivery of information without loss. the accompanying certificates are SSL certificates.
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The use of SSL certificates mainly allows you to prevent data theft by cloning sites of well-known services, when attackers copy the main pages of these sites, use similar domains and fake personal information. The user can enter personal information about himself, his documents and payment information on fake websites. As a result, users’ personal information can later be used to gain unauthorized access to other resources or social networks so that it can be resold or used to steal funds from a bank account. Service owners can help customers avoid these problems by setting up HTTPS on their resources and showing their users the authenticity of websites directly in the browser’s address bar.
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As mentioned above, TLS/SSL is used to encrypt traffic from the client to the web server, preventing intruders from intercepting traffic on public unsecured networks.
When it comes to TLS /SSL, three parties are involved: the customer – consumer of a service or product on the Internet; the server – the provider of this service or product; and the Certification Authority, whose role includes ensuring that the domain and resource belong to the organization specified in the certificate’s registration information.
1. The owners of the service contact the certification center through partners and provide information about themselves.
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2. The certification center makes inquiries about the owners of the service. If the source information is verified, the certificate authority issues a certificate containing verified information and a public key to the owners of the service.
4. The browser, along with other standard functions, requests the SSL certificate while the service page is loading.
6. The browser checks the validity period and validity of the copy of the certificate using the certificate authority’s pre-installed root certificate. If everything is accepted, the browser sends a corresponding response to the service, signed with the client’s key.
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7. The service receives confirmation of the client’s authentication with their digital signature and they start an encrypted session.
1. It is a linked pair of indivisible control sequences of almost random characters called keys: public or public and private, also referred to as private.
2. Any data set can be encrypted with a public key. As a result, the public key can be sent freely over the network and an attacker will not be able to use it to harm users.
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3. The private key is known only to its owner and can decode the received data stream into structured information encrypted with a public key associated with it. The private key must be stored on the service and used only for local decryption of received messages. If an attacker can gain access to the private key, actions must be initiated to revoke and reissue the certificate to render the previous certificate useless. Leaking a private key is called a compromise.
An SSL certificate from a certificate authority is one way to distribute a server’s public key to clients on unsecured networks. After verifying the validity of the certificate, the client encrypts all sent messages with the public key attached to the certificate and decrypts incoming messages with that private key, thus ensuring a secure communication channel.
Certificates are issued by certification centers at the request of customers. The Certification Center is an independent third-party organization that officially verifies the information specified in the certificate request: e.g. whether the domain name is valid, whether Internet access with this name belongs to a specific company or individual with whom it is registered; whether the website of the company or individual to whom the SSL certificate was issued is genuine and other checks. The most famous international certification centers are Comodo, Geotrust, GoDaddy, GlobalSign, Symantec. The root SSL certificates of these CAs are pre-installed as trusted by all popular browsers and operating systems.
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It is often more economical to buy a certificate not directly from the certification center, but from its partners, as they offer wholesale discounts. In Russia, many companies and hosting providers that have their own tariff for the SSL certificate service sell certificates from well-known certificate authorities.
The most common encryption algorithms for encryption operations in TLS/SSL are combinations of the algorithms RSA (initially from the authors Rivest, Shamir and Adleman), DSA (which stands for Digital Signature Algorithm, patented by the National Institute of Standards and Technology of the USA) and several variants of Diffie– The Hellman algorithm or DH, such as one-time DH (Ephemeral Diffie–Hellman, EDH) and DH based on elliptic curves (Elliptic curve Diffie–Hellman, ECDH). Unlike the original algorithm, these Diffie-Hellman variants offer incremental latency, ie. when the previously recorded data cannot be decrypted after a certain time – even if the server’s secret key could be obtained – because the original parameters of the algorithm are regenerated when the channel is restored after a forced break when the connection expired.
Hash algorithms are based on a family of mathematical functions to calculate the hash SHA (Secure Hash Algorithm). The hash function allows you to transform the original data array into a string of a certain length, and this length determines the amount of processing time and computing power required. All encryption algorithms today support the SHA2 hashing algorithm, mostly SHA-256. SHA-512 has a similar structure, but in which the word length is 64 bits rather than 32, the number of rounds in the session is 80 rather than 64, and the message is divided into blocks of 1024 bits rather than 512 bits. Previously, SHA1 and MD5 algorithms were used for the same purpose, but today they are considered vulnerable to attacks. Modern services use keys that are 64 bits long and higher. The current version of the SHA-3 algorithm (Keccak), uses a quantity necessary to verify the integrity of the transmitted data – MAC (Message Authentication Code). The MAC uses the mapping function to represent message data as a fixed length value and then hashes the message.
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Modern versions of the TLS protocol use HMAC (Hashed Message Authentication Code), which uses a hash function immediately with a shared secret key. This key is sent along with the information flow, and to determine authenticity, both parties must use the same secret keys. This provides more security.
1. Handshake protocol. The connection confirmation (handshake) protocol is a series of actions that are performed directly during the initiation of the SSL connection between a client and a server. The protocol allows the server and the client to perform mutual authentication, determine the encryption algorithm and MAC, as well as secret keys to protect data during the further SSL session. The handshake protocol is currently used by the participants for data exchange. Each message sent as part of the handshake protocol contains the following fields:
1.1 Determination of supported algorithms. In the first phase, the connection between the client and the server is initiated and the encryption algorithm is selected. First, the client sends a welcome message to the server before entering reply-wait mode. After receiving the client’s welcome message, the server sends its own welcome message back to the client to confirm the connection. The customer’s receipt message contains the following data:
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In the second phase, all messages are sent by the server. This stage is divided into 4 steps:
In the third phase, all messages are sent by the client. This stage is divided into 3 steps:
In the fourth stage, messages are exchanged directly and errors are monitored. If an error is detected, the warning rules take effect. This stage consists of the exchange of session messages: the first two messages originate
