Command Prompt Basic Commands List – If you are an experienced developer who knows your system inside out, this guide is not for you. However, if you are used to desktop tools, or are just starting out as a developer, you probably don’t need to work in the so-called “command line”, “console” or “terminal”. . If these words aren’t familiar to you, or if they ring a bell but you’re not sure what they mean, read on!
In the dark and distant past, computers were controlled by typing commands. After that, we created a graphical user interface (GUI), and printing was replaced by point-and-click. Most people work on a computer these days, although they often use their fingers on a touch screen rather than a desk mouse.
Command Prompt Basic Commands List
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The computer can also be controlled by entering commands on the keyboard, and as you might guess, this happens at the command line. Windows, macOS, and Linux all have features to provide you with a command line. These programs are usually called console or terminal.
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For example, on macOS, it’s the Terminal program. You’ll find it under Applications > Utilities. Different versions of Linux offer different terminal programs, but they are usually called Terminal and are accessible from the desktop. Windows 10 has Windows Terminal. Older versions have a Command Prompt command in the Start menu that invokes its own terminal program. Microsoft also has Windows Subsytem for Linux, which implements the Linux command line in Windows 10.
A terminal is just a presentation mechanism. The software that actually works is called “shell”. That’s why you might see PowerShell in your Terminal window on a Windows PC. The shell is the real interface between you and the computer. The terminal just displays the shell output in a window and sends your keys to the shell.
If you’ve used a Linux computer configured to not launch a desktop screen, you’ve always used the command line and interacted directly with the shell. Terminal programs are usually used only from the desktop GUI.
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Experienced developers have their favorite skins, but in the beginning, it’s best to use what your operating system has to offer. Once you know how it works and start using it, you can explore other options.
However you call the shell, you’ll see something called a “prompt”, the shell’s prompt for typing a command. When the command is finished, you’ll see the command appear again: the shell tells you it’s ready for its next task.
There are many different skins, so you may not see the same message every time you use multiple machines. The most common Linux shell is called Bash. Its standard warning
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. Any icon, and any information displayed next to it—usually the current directory, but you might see a drive letter, an entered username, or a date—tells you that the shell is waiting for input.
Current folder? This is another common term read in command line discussions. You may see it called “working directory”. “Directory” is only for one folder, the “working” folder you are looking at in the terminal.
The sequence of directories in which a file or directory is located is called “path”. Here’s a macOS example:
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So if you use Windows Terminal or PowerShell, just replace one with the other in this and the example below.
Depending on your shell, you may be able to use a “relative” path – one that depends on where you start. These use the following symbols:
At the beginning of the first path, it is special: Linux and macOS “root” directory, for example. A directory above all other branches.
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(called tilde) in the path. This is one of the shorthand codes for Unix shells: it refers to the current user’s home directory, and you can use it anywhere you might write the full path to your home directory. It’s also a good way to refer to the home directory in scripts used by different people: even though they all have different home directories.
, you just name it in the notification. If it’s in a different directory than the one you’re working in, give an absolute or relative path. If it is in the working directory, you can remove the path. However, you need to tell the shell that the file is here: prefix it
It’s beyond the scope of this guide, but it’s useful to know that Linux and macOS shells have variables called
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Which tells them where to find the file: This file contains a list of directory paths. If you just type
These commands tell the shell to list files and subdirectories in the current directory, also known as the working directory. How do you see what it is? Of course, with another command:
There are dozens of commands you can enter, too many to list here. There are numerous online resources that list them – just use your favorite search engine.
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Most commands are more than simple words – you can provide additional information in the form of “arguments” placed after the command and separated by at least one space. Arguments may include the name of the target file or the location of the directory where the output of the command will be placed.
The need to separate arguments with spaces means you have to be careful about filenames and directories with spaces. Telling the shell to include whitespace as part of the argument and not as a separator is called “quoting”. For example, to stop the second channel in the command
This is the same effect as the previous example, but more compact. Many commands work this way, but not all. Many orders have switches
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Which causes them to issue hints – this tells you that the command supports combining switches and flags in this way.
The arrangement we mentioned earlier? If you provide a full path as an argument and it contains a directory that does not exist,
Some shell commands are built into the shell itself, but many are in the program itself. Another is “shell script”. These are the things that make the command line so interesting for developers. Scripts are a way to combine multiple commands with variables and flow logic to automate important tasks.
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Here’s an example: If you’re building a website, you might write a script to automate the frequent setup tasks you need to do when testing changes: process page layouts, CSS and Java files. Minify your script, organize and transfer content. It is to the place where it will be presented, and to start the HTTP server.
Or you might write a script to extract specific data points from a stack of log files. or package programs ready for distribution. Or… well, the options are endless. Shell programming is a really powerful way to automate processes.
Most lines in the script are read as if you clicked on a command. A number of others define how to run a script, delimiting code structure, or as comments. You can see all the comment lines: they start with
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– Skins ignore any text after that symbol, up to the end of the line. Let’s skip the rest
. Do not read the quotation marks as string separators – they are used for references. Why? Because of the variable value
This symbol stands for ‘logical OR’ and should tell the shell to check the result of the command and if it fails, continue to the rest of the line. In this case, that means us
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A script with an exit code of 1, for example, failed. The success exit code is 0. Why check? Because if the target directory doesn’t exist, we want to make sure we don’t continue.
To delete a folder that contains any files, go to the directory in it and delete them as well. You will need it
(responsible for creating this) and then delete some files that may have been copied, but the ones we don’t want. Yeah
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Formatting tells the shell to execute the code inside the parentheses and return the result of that code. The output, which is either nothing or a list of files, is sent to
Tools with a number of arguments to synchronize public content, e.g. Create website files, with Google Cloud Platform web server.
And we’re done – we’ve created our static website and synced every new file to the web server!
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If you’ve just created this script in a text editor, you’ll need to make it executable first – which you use
We’ve only scratched the surface of command lines, shells, and scripts. Hopefully you now understand what these terms mean and why developers make them an important part of their toolkit. You’re probably already thinking about what you’re going to do.
You give the command as an argument. it
